Typewriter Wiki - User contributions [en]

Royal

2025-07-19T23:42:10Z

Cerafuki:

[[Category:Typewriter Brands]]

{{infobox|The Royal Typewriter Company|Edward B. Hess & Lewis C. Myers|FileName|Caption|Location|Types of Machine|Founding Year|Fate w/Year|Common Rebrands|Affiliated companies|
}}

The '''Royal Typewriter Company''' was one of America's four largest typewriter manufacturers, alongside [[Remington]], [[Underwood]], and [[Smith-Corona]]. Founded in Brooklyn, New York in January 26, 1904 by Edward B. Hess and Lewis C. Myers, the company survives today as ''Royal Consumer Information Products, Inc.'''

'''Royal''' released its first typewriter - '''''the Royal Standard''''' - in 1906, and it's famous for the '''''Royal Model 10''''' and the '''''Royal Quiet Deluxe'''''. Throughout the company’s history, '''Royal''' was known for manufacturing manual and electric typewriters. The company merged with '''McBee Binder Company''' in 1954, and was later owned by three different companies, notably the [[Litton Corporation]].

=='''History'''==
===Beginnings===
Royal was founded in New York in 1906 by businessmen Edward B. Hess and Lewis C. Myers. Their first product, the Royal 1, was sold at $65 while all other manufacturers priced their standard typewriter at $100. This led to Royal gaining a share of the market.

===Portables===
Royal launched their first portable typewriters in 1925, to compete with Underwood's 4-bank Portable, Remington's Portable no.2, and Corona's Portable 3. The Royal company

===60's & Merger with McBee===
e

===Acquisition by Litton===

===Today===
As of 2004, Royal, now Royal Consumer Information Products, became again a private U.S.- based company, now manufacturing printers and other business equipment. Their website is https://www.royal.com/. Typewriters under the Royal name still exist, although these are badly-manufactured [[Olympia Carina II]] clones built in China by the [[Shanghai Weilv Mechanism Company]].

==Standards==
Here you may find a list of Royal typewriters. As the manufacturer was extremely prolific, not all models may be covered or listed here.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Date Range !! Description & Rarity !! Placeholder
|-
| [[Royal 1-4]] || 1906-1909 || Known as Royal "Flatbeds", these are the first iterations of Royal machines. They are somewhat rare, but not extremely rare. Carriage widths vary by model. The 2-4 are rather hard to find. || -
|-
| [[Royal 5-9]] || 1910-1912 || These are the second generation of Royal flatbeds. Essentially the same as the 1-4, but with fancier decals and tabulators that came equipped standard. Same as the 1-4, the 5 isn't hard to find but the 6-9 are. || -
|-
| [[Royal 10]] || 1913-1934 || The Royal 10 was the major redesign of the Royal flatbed typewriter. These machines were made throughout the 1910's-1930's, and went through several design changes. || -
|-
| [[Royal H & KH]] || 1934 || Made for one year only, the Royal H and KH typewriters were essentially late model Royal 10's with redesigned shells. As they were made for one year only, they are harder to find. || -
|-
| [[Royal KHM]] || 1935-1938 || The Royal KHM series of typewriters is the direct successor to the Royal H and KH. || -
|-
| [[Royal KMM]] || 1939-1948 || The Royal KMM is one of the most common Royal standards available today. They were made in large numbers and widely used by the US Government in WWII. || -
|-
| [[Royal KMG]] || 1949-1952 || These are basically KMMs but with the tombstone keys of a Dreyfuss QDL || -
|-
| [[Royal HH]] || 1952-1957 || Shell redesign of the Royal standard. These machines are also equipped with a palm tabulator. || -
|-
| [[Royal FP]] || 1957-1961 || 1960's shell of the Royal standard. Unlike earlier Royal standards, these came in different colors. || -
|-
| [[Royal Empress]] || 1962-1965 || The curvy late 60's redesgned shell of the Royal standard. These also come in many different colors. || -
|-
| [[Royal 440 & 470]] || 1966-1969, 1970-1975 || The beginning of the end (and the end) of Royal standards. These machines are not very common, but that does not mean they are worth a lot. || -
|}

==Portables==
Here you may find a list of Royal portable typewriters. As the manufacturer was extremely prolific, not all models may be covered or listed here.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Date Range !! Description & Rarity !! Placeholder
|-
| Model P || 1925-1933 || The Royal P was Royal's answer to the [Underwood Standard 4-Bank Keyboard] and the [Remington Portable no. 2]. The P is a relatively small portable that came in 2 shell types, one with exposed spools and one with closed gull wings. Despite their visual similarities, a number of changes were made between the two versions. The P often comes in a desirable typeface called [Vogue] || Example
|-
| Model O || 1932-1938 || Example || Example
|-
| Depression Portables || 1935-1938 || Royal made a series of depression portables, cheap machines with fewer functionalities and sold at lower prices. Of note are the Junior and Signet I. || Example
|-
| Royal Quiet, Speed King, O derivatives || Example || Example || Example
|-
| [[Royal Quiet De Luxe]] || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Royal QDL Derivatives || Example || Cheaper variants of the QDL existed to cater to students and other market.s || Example
|-
| Royal Royalite || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Royal Futura || 1963 - 196X || Example || Example
|-
| Royal Safari || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Royal Diana || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Royal Silver-Seiko Ultraportables || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Royal Fleetwood || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Royal Modern Portables || 201X-present || This machine isn't recommended. || Example
|}

Royal

2025-07-19T02:11:02Z

Cerafuki: /* Beginnings */

[[Category:Typewriter Brands]]

=='''History'''==
===Beginnings===
Royal was founded in New York in 1906 by businessmen Edward B. Hess and Lewis C. Myers. Their first product, the Royal 1, was sold at $65 while all other manufacturers priced their standard typewriter at $100. This led to Royal gaining a share of the market.

===Portables===
Royal launched their first portable typewriters in 1925, to compete with Underwood's 4-bank Portable, Remington's Portable no.2, and Corona's Portable 3. The Royal company

===60's & Merger with McBee===
e

===Acquisition by Litton===

===Today===
As of 2004, Royal, now Royal Consumer Information Products, became again a private U.S.- based company, now manufacturing printers and other business equipment. Their website is https://www.royal.com/. Typewriters under the Royal name still exist, although these are badly-manufactured [[Olympia Carina II]] clones built in China by the [[Shanghai Weilv Mechanism Company]].

==Standards==
Here you may find a list of Royal typewriters. As the manufacturer was extremely prolific, not all models may be covered or listed here.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Date Range !! Description & Rarity !! Placeholder
|-
| [[Royal 1-4]] || 1906-1909 || Known as Royal "Flatbeds", these are the first iterations of Royal machines. They are somewhat rare, but not extremely rare. Carriage widths vary by model. The 2-4 are rather hard to find. || -
|-
| [[Royal 5-9]] || 1910-1912 || These are the second generation of Royal flatbeds. Essentially the same as the 1-4, but with fancier decals and tabulators that came equipped standard. Same as the 1-4, the 5 isn't hard to find but the 6-9 are. || -
|-
| [[Royal 10]] || 1913-1934 || The Royal 10 was the major redesign of the Royal flatbed typewriter. These machines were made throughout the 1910's-1930's, and went through several design changes. || -
|-
| [[Royal H & KH]] || 1934 || Made for one year only, the Royal H and KH typewriters were essentially late model Royal 10's with redesigned shells. As they were made for one year only, they are harder to find. || -
|-
| [[Royal KHM]] || 1935-1938 || The Royal KHM series of typewriters is the direct successor to the Royal H and KH. || -
|-
| [[Royal KMM]] || 1939-1948 || The Royal KMM is one of the most common Royal standards available today. They were made in large numbers and widely used by the US Government in WWII. || -
|-
| [[Royal KMG]] || 1949-1952 || These are basically KMMs but with the tombstone keys of a Dreyfuss QDL || -
|-
| [[Royal HH]] || 1952-1957 || Shell redesign of the Royal standard. These machines are also equipped with a palm tabulator. || -
|-
| [[Royal FP]] || 1957-1961 || 1960's shell of the Royal standard. Unlike earlier Royal standards, these came in different colors. || -
|-
| [[Royal Empress]] || 1962-1965 || The curvy late 60's redesgned shell of the Royal standard. These also come in many different colors. || -
|-
| [[Royal 440 & 470]] || 1966-1969, 1970-1975 || The beginning of the end (and the end) of Royal standards. These machines are not very common, but that does not mean they are worth a lot. || -
|}

==Portables==
Here you may find a list of Royal portable typewriters. As the manufacturer was extremely prolific, not all models may be covered or listed here.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Date Range !! Description & Rarity !! Placeholder
|-
| Model P || 1925-1933 || The Royal P was Royal's answer to the [Underwood Standard 4-Bank Keyboard] and the [Remington Portable no. 2]. The P is a relatively small portable that came in 2 shell types, one with exposed spools and one with closed gull wings. Despite their visual similarities, a number of changes were made between the two versions. The P often comes in a desirable typeface called [Vogue] || Example
|-
| Model O || 1932-1938 || Example || Example
|-
| Depression Portables || 1935-1938 || Royal made a series of depression portables, cheap machines with fewer functionalities and sold at lower prices. Of note are the Junior and Signet I. || Example
|-
| Royal Quiet, Speed King, O derivatives || Example || Example || Example
|-
| [[Royal Quiet De Luxe]] || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Royal QDL Derivatives || Example || Cheaper variants of the QDL existed to cater to students and other market.s || Example
|-
| Royal Royalite || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Royal Futura || 1963 - 196X || Example || Example
|-
| Royal Safari || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Royal Diana || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Royal Silver-Seiko Ultraportables || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Royal Fleetwood || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Royal Modern Portables || 201X-present || This machine isn't recommended. || Example
|}

Rebuilt Typewriters

2025-07-15T02:00:28Z

Cerafuki: /* How can I tell if my typewriter is rebuilt? */

__TOC__

=What are Rebuilt Typewriters?=
"Rebuilding" is the process of taking something, like a typewriter or another mechanical object, and tearing it down nearly completely, so that it can be fixed, cleaned, readjusted, and then reassembling it. Because typewriters were used heavily in offices, many underwent this process to extend their longevity. Heavy daily use on a precision machine takes its toll, so typewriter companies and typewriter shops offered rebuilding services to give tired typewriters a facelift and address any chronic issues that may be caused by worn out parts. Oftentimes, this process involved a cosmetic change as well, including new paint, and rarely, new features that could be easily added (e.g. key-set tabulator, new keys, or new type slugs).

==Who rebuilt typewriters?==
Typewriters were usually rebuilt by large factories -- sometimes those of the manufacturer, in the case of [[Royal]] "Regal" rebuilt typewriters, and sometimes by third-party companies like the International Typewriter Company of Chicago. You can tell if a machine was rebuilt by a factory by looking for a rebuild decal. Oftentimes, large companies would stick a sticker or a decal that showed if a machine was rebuilt. Occasionally, you can find a new serial number on the machine as well, stamped in the same place as the old one.

Two examples of companies that rebuilt machines were Remington and Woodstock. Remington often rebuilt [[Remington Standard No. 10]]s, [[Remington Standard No. 12]]s and their derivatives, stamped them with a new serial number, and put a "Rebuilt by Remington Typewriter Co., Ilion NY" decal on the back frame. Woodstock survived the Great Depression by rebuilding typewriters instead of manufacturing new ones. These machines are usually Woodstock 5s and 5Ns from the 20's. Rebuilt Woodstock machines are characterized by a friction-fit cover placed over the type basket and under the ribbon spool towers, and a (easily destroyed) yellow sticker on the back left of the frame that says, "Rebuilt by Woodstock Typewriter Co. Chicago, IL" on it.

Typewriters that were rebuilt by independent shops, on the other hand, are often just given a new coat of paint, new decals, and new keys with the dealer tag of the shop secured somewhere on the machine, usually in a very visible place. Each shop had a different process, so rebuilt machines by repair shops vary from place to place.

==How can I tell if my typewriter is rebuilt?==

The best way to know if a typewriter was rebuilt is to look for discrepancies between that particular machine and what the model would have looked like coming out of a new production line. Usually, rebuilt machines are built from the 20's to the 30's, and rebuilt in the late-30s and 1940s. Rebuilding became big during the Great Depression, WWII, and immediate postwar area as it was much cheaper and far more accessible than buying a new typewriter.
Rebuilt typewriters come in many colors and configurations. Rebuilt typewriters are almost always repainted in a crinkle beige or grey, as that was both durable and "modern" at the time of rebuilding. As well, less-ornate, more generic-looking decals are often applied to replace the ones painted over. Keytops are often replaced as well.

==Are rebuilt machines bad?==
Certainly not! Rebuilt machines have been gone through before and often write quite well, not least in part because they have been serviced and had worn-out parts replaced. However, rebuilt machines are not usually desirable by collectors because they were altered from their original look. Some people think that the keys don't look right because they were changed out, or maybe the machine is the wrong color and missing the original decals. Rebuilt machines are the same quality as most other typewriters, so if you find one you like don't shy away because it was rebuilt!

Rebuilt Typewriters

2025-07-15T01:59:22Z

Cerafuki: /* Who rebuilt typewriters? */

__TOC__

=What are Rebuilt Typewriters?=
"Rebuilding" is the process of taking something, like a typewriter or another mechanical object, and tearing it down nearly completely, so that it can be fixed, cleaned, readjusted, and then reassembling it. Because typewriters were used heavily in offices, many underwent this process to extend their longevity. Heavy daily use on a precision machine takes its toll, so typewriter companies and typewriter shops offered rebuilding services to give tired typewriters a facelift and address any chronic issues that may be caused by worn out parts. Oftentimes, this process involved a cosmetic change as well, including new paint, and rarely, new features that could be easily added (e.g. key-set tabulator, new keys, or new type slugs).

==Who rebuilt typewriters?==
Typewriters were usually rebuilt by large factories -- sometimes those of the manufacturer, in the case of [[Royal]] "Regal" rebuilt typewriters, and sometimes by third-party companies like the International Typewriter Company of Chicago. You can tell if a machine was rebuilt by a factory by looking for a rebuild decal. Oftentimes, large companies would stick a sticker or a decal that showed if a machine was rebuilt. Occasionally, you can find a new serial number on the machine as well, stamped in the same place as the old one.

Two examples of companies that rebuilt machines were Remington and Woodstock. Remington often rebuilt [[Remington Standard No. 10]]s, [[Remington Standard No. 12]]s and their derivatives, stamped them with a new serial number, and put a "Rebuilt by Remington Typewriter Co., Ilion NY" decal on the back frame. Woodstock survived the Great Depression by rebuilding typewriters instead of manufacturing new ones. These machines are usually Woodstock 5s and 5Ns from the 20's. Rebuilt Woodstock machines are characterized by a friction-fit cover placed over the type basket and under the ribbon spool towers, and a (easily destroyed) yellow sticker on the back left of the frame that says, "Rebuilt by Woodstock Typewriter Co. Chicago, IL" on it.

Typewriters that were rebuilt by independent shops, on the other hand, are often just given a new coat of paint, new decals, and new keys with the dealer tag of the shop secured somewhere on the machine, usually in a very visible place. Each shop had a different process, so rebuilt machines by repair shops vary from place to place.

==How can I tell if my typewriter is rebuilt?==
The best way to know if a typewriter was rebuilt is to know what different machines looked like fresh out of the factory. Usually, rebuilt machines are built from the 20's to the 30's, and rebuilt in the late-30s and 1940s. Rebuilding became big during the Great Depression, WWII, and immediate postwar area as it was much cheaper and far more accessible than buying a new typewriter.
Rebuilt typewriters come in many colors and configurations. Rebuilt typewriters are often repainted in a new color not offered in the factory to make them look more modern-- this was often crinkle beige or grey. As well, less-ornate, more generic-looking decals are often applied to replace the ones painted over. Keytops are often replaced as well. Sometimes it is obvious, sometimes it is not.

==Are rebuilt machines bad?==
Certainly not! Rebuilt machines have been gone through before and often write quite well, not least in part because they have been serviced and had worn-out parts replaced. However, rebuilt machines are not usually desirable by collectors because they were altered from their original look. Some people think that the keys don't look right because they were changed out, or maybe the machine is the wrong color and missing the original decals. Rebuilt machines are the same quality as most other typewriters, so if you find one you like don't shy away because it was rebuilt!

Typewriter Classifications

2025-07-15T01:57:52Z

Cerafuki: /* Identification Guide */

This page is here to describe and show the different styles of typewriters that are out there. Since typewriters were made and designed over a period of 150+ years, there are many different kinds and styles of typewriters. This page should help classify and name the different trends over that period of time, and help you to identify what may be lurking in your garage.

__TOC__

=Sizes=
Typewriters come in a few different sizes.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Type !! Description !! Traits
|-
| Standard || Like their name implied, these are your "standard" desktop typewriters. Often big, heavy, and hard to move, these machines were intended primarily for office work and generally type well regardless of make or age. ||
Exceptions Exist for All Traits.
* Weight of between 15-50 lb (manuals).
* Generally caseless. Cases for standards often take the form of a wooden base with a tin or metal lid on top, and are usually quite rare.
* Tend to be taller than their portable counterparts.
* Tend to have features such as color selectors, tabulators, and touch control systems.
|-
| Portable || Cased and ready-to-go, these are usually about 1/2 to 1/3 the size of standard typewriters and were intended for home use or the travelling market. Note: some standards have cases as well; however, portables are much lighter and often smaller.
||
Exceptions Exist for All Traits.
* Come with carrying-cases.
* Generally shorter, vertically, than standard machines.
* Tend to have features such as color selectors, tabulators, and touch control systems.
|-
| Ultraportable || Just like portable typewriters, these came in cases -- but were designed to be even smaller, lighter, and slimmer. This often came at the cost of features like a tabulator and touch control.
||
Exceptions Exist for All Traits.
* Come with carrying-cases or snap-on lids.
* Tend to be extremely light and usually quite flat as well.
* May lack features such as tabulators and even margins or color select in lieu of being lighter and more portable.
|}

==Carriage Width==
Typewriter Carriages come in several different sizes. From as small as 8 1/2" wide to up to 4' wide. Most wide carriage machines are standards, although there are a few slightly-wide-carriage portables out there.

=Print Method=
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Print Methods !! Description
|-
| Upstrike Typewriters || Upstrike typewriters were the first typewriters manufactured, with the Sholes & Glidden/Remington Number 1 being the first typewriter. In this layout, typebars hang down from the top of the machine and strike upwards towards the bottom side of the platen, leading to their other name as "blindwriters". These machines often use 1 3/8" ribbon, and have right hand return levers. These are the oldest common found typewriters. Most ceased manufacturing around 1905, with Remington ending the production of the Remington 7 & 8, but rare examples like the Burroughs Moon-Hopkins were built until 1941.
'''The two most common upstrikes are the [[Smith Premier]]s and [[Remington]] upstrikes. '''
|-
| Front-strike/Visible Typewriters || These are the most common found typewriters found today. These were manufactured from around 1900 until today.
|-
| Down-stroke Typewriters || Downstroke typewriters type with the typebars above the platen, set up to swing down onto the platen. The most common example of this is the Oliver Typewriter. Other, more obscure downstrike machines are the Williams and the North Typewriters.
|}

==Type Element/Type Shuttle Typewriters==
Not all typewriters have typebars! Type element machines or typeshuttle machines are typewriters that use a small piece of metal or vulcanized rubber, called a type element or type shuttle, to print characters onto paper. These shuttles & elements are often interchangeable, and you can change the pitch/size and typeface/style of the characters. Examples of this would be the [[Hammond Typewriter]], [[Blickensderfer No. 6]], and [[IBM Selectric]].

=Keyboard Types=

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Type !! Description & Examples
|-
| Dual Keyboard || Instead of shifting, these types of machines "shift" by having the entire keyboard integrated twice on the machine. One keyboard of capitals, and one of lowercase. Special characters are also scattered around the edges and in between the two primary keyboards. This type of keyboard is found on the American Caligraph and the Smith Premier Typewriters.
|-
| 4 Bank Keyboard || A four bank keyboard is the most common type of typewriter keyboard. It is the most common kind of keyboard used today. Each key has two characters, one for lower case and one for shift. Characters are arranged on the bottom 3 rows, and numbers & special characters are all at the top and far right hand side of the keyboard.
|-
| 3 Bank Keyboard || A three bank keyboard is very similar to a 4 bank keyboard, but it is missing the top row that is dedicated to characters only. Instead of locating extra symbols on the top and side, they are put on each letter key and are used utilizing the secondary shift. These typewriters often have a QWERTY layout for the letters, but symbol layouts vary from manufacturer to manufacturer.
|-
| 2 Bank Keyboard || This is only found on one type of German typewriter, the Helios-Klimax. It has two rows of keys, and has three shifts.
|-
| Index Typewriter || Index typewriters have no keyboard, but rather a legend and a stylus. You move the stylus to whatever character you would like to print, and press the print key. These also have a space key, and sometimes a backspace key. This layout is found on the Mignon, and many other budget typewriters. It is also found on the Simplex and other toy typewriters.
|-
|}

Not to be confused with keyboard layouts, keyboard types refer to the arrangement of keys on the typewriter.

=Keyboard Layouts=

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Description
|-
| Standard || This refers to any standard keyboard. However, this may vary in foreign languages. Generally keyboards are named by the top row or the most important row; i.e., the standard American keyboard is called QWERTY. Germany uses QWERTZ, France uses AZERTY, Italy uses QZERTY, Belgium is a mess.

It's worth noting that Greek and Cyrillic typewriters exist, but are rarer in the USA.

|-
| Math || Math keyboards have symbols such as divided by, times, plus, equals, subscript numbers, pi, and other types of math-related symbols that are not found on a standard keyboard layout.
|-
| Pharmaceutical || These keyboards feature special characters (Rx, M, etc.)for measuring small amounts of substances. These symbols are often out of date and no longer used, but are cool to see on a typewriter
|-
| Mill || A "Mill" refers to any typewriter designed and built for transcribing telegraph messages or for use in a telegraph office. These often have simplified keyboards so that the operator can type at high speeds. These typewriters often are missing shift keys, print only in capitals, and have a few special characters like a 0 with the cross through it and the degree sign.
|-
| Nazi SS & Nazi Keyboards || SS typewriters have the "SS" lightning-bolt rune on them above the 5 key. Sometimes, this "SS" rune is scratched off and the slug removed to de-Nazify it. Even fewer typewriters print the Nazi Swastika. Be sure to watch out for these machines, as they are very valuable. SS-typewriters are hard to find, due to the fact that many Nazi objects were destroyed post WWII. In fact, you will often find these machines marred in some way, either to hide or remove the fact that they were once related to the Nazi Regime.
|-
| "Scientific" Keyboards || Various attempts to streamline typewriting existed. Belgian, Turkish, and Portuguese are examples of this; however, other examples include Dvorak and DHIATENSOR.
Dvorak was developed in the 1920's by August Dvorak as an attempt to improve typing speeds. The layout is as follows:(Top, middle & Bottom rows) ',.pyfgcrl aoeuidhtns ;qjkxbmwvz , and is rarely seen on typewriters.
DHIATENSOR was designed for, and exists only on, the Blickensderfer typewriter.
|-
|}

=Typefaces=
The typeface of a typewriter refers to the style of the characters it prints out. This is commonly mistaken with the word "font". Typeface refers to a family of fonts that are related, while font refers to the modifiers given to a typeface (such as stretched, italicized, etc.). Not all typefaces have fonts.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Description
|-
| Pica & Elite || This is the exception to the rule above. Pica and Elite are the same typeface, but have different sizes. Pica is 10 Characters Per Inch (CPI), while Elite is 12 CPI.
|-
| Script || Script is any sort of cursive typeface.
|-
| Italics || Italics are any sort of typeface that has a slant to it.
|-
| Vogue || Vogue is a special kind of typeface introduced by Royal in the 1930's. It is a very spaced out (and sometimes hard to read). It is an extremely sought after typeface. It is pitched in 10 Characters per Inch.
|-
| Fraktur || Fraktur refers to the old German typeface found on few old German typewriters, and fewer American ones. It is very sought after, about as much as Vogue is.
|}

=Identification Guide=

If your typewriter has chrome-ringed keys AND crinkle paint AND is a standard, it may have been [[Rebuilt_Typewriters|rebuilt]].

Typewriter Classifications

2025-07-15T01:57:38Z

Cerafuki: /* Identification Guide */

Typewriter Classifications

2025-07-15T01:57:20Z

Cerafuki: /* Identification Guide */

Typewriter Classifications

2025-07-15T01:56:45Z

Cerafuki: /* Identification Guide */

Typeslugs

2025-07-15T01:50:35Z

Cerafuki: Created page with "Typeslugs are small, hardened metal chips, usually plated in nickel, that print the letters on most typewriters."

Typeslugs are small, hardened metal chips, usually plated in nickel, that print the letters on most typewriters.

Ink and Ribbon

2025-07-15T01:49:37Z

Cerafuki: /* Ribbon Widths for Different Machines */

An integral part of typewriters' ability to print characters is applying ink to the paper itself. Typewriters commonly use ink ribbons to achieve this, although some early machines will use ink rollers or pads. This article will describe ink and ribbon mechanisms, how they work, and what ribbons or ink supplies you need to replace the ones in your typewriter based on model.

__TOC__

=Spools=

The vast majority of typewriters use one of two standard spool types: DIN2103 and US Universal. Although both of these spools fit the same half-inch width ribbon, they have slightly different dimensions: DIN2103 has a wider hole in the centre and will fit European typewriters built for European market sale, whereas US Universal fits machines built for the American market. The vast majority of typewriters bought in the United States will have take US Universal spools.
'''I NEED TO PUT A PIC HERE AND WILL DO THAT...EVENTUALLY'''

Certain brands and models use special spools or inking methods as well. A few common examples are listed below:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Machine !! Spool Type !! Notes
|-
| Remington Portables 1-5 || Proprietary, Remington Portable || Remington portable spools are smaller than conventional spools and take standard half-inch ribbon.
|-
| Woodstock || Proprietary spoked spools. || Example
|-
| Royal Standard || Proprietary spools with ribbon reverse tabs on bottom. || Example
|-
| Halda Portable || Proprietary spools with ribbon reverse tabs on bottom. || Example
|-
| Oliver || Wooden spool cores. All models before No. 9 are designed to use 7/16th-inch ribbon but will take half-inch ribbon. || Example
|-
| Remington, Smith Premier, and other Upstrike Typewriters || Use 1 3/4 inch ribbon. Spools are usually built into the machine body or difficult to remove. || Example
|-
| Hammond || Uses wooden spool cores or proprietary spools. Designed for 7/16th inch ribbon. || Example
|-
| Williams, Sun, and Blickensderfer || Use ink pads. || Example
|}

==Types of Ribbon==

Ribbons come in three main materials: silk, cotton, and nylon. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages.

'''Silk''' ribbon is made of thin silk and is the thinnest of the ribbon types. Silk ribbons are generally lauded for having the crispest print due to their thinner fabric and thus improved impact of the slugs as a result; however, it is also the most expensive. Most manufacturers do not offer silk ribbon in many colors, as well.

'''Cotton''' ribbon is the thickest of the ribbon types. Cotton ribbons are generally quite ink-heavy and many users prefer them on older machines with harder platens, as their nature allows even hard platens to produce good impressions. However, they can be blurry, especially on machines with smaller (12CPI [Elite] or smaller) typefaces.

'''Nylon''' ribbon is the cheapest and most common ribbon. Lying somewhere between silk and cotton ribbon, nylon is a good middle ground and is often available in an increased number of colors -- many manufacturers offer them in shades of pink, green, blue, and other colors. Nylon does suffer from longevity issues, however -- it is more vulnerable to being punched through on hard platens.

==What Ribbon Should I Buy, and where?==
That question is ultimately dependent on the typewriter used. Generally, well-maintained typewriters will prefer a silk ribbon; if there is one machine that you intend to use to write pages upon every day, it is often worth paying the extra couple dollars for a silk ribbon. However, nylon and cotton ribbons are by no means poor choices. Cotton ribbon is especially good with [[Noiseless]] machines and any typewriter with a harder platen, as the thicker material and heavier inking often yields a darker imprint.

Many places still produce and sell typewriter ribbon.

Some of the wiki editors' preferences are Ribbons Unlimited and Baco Ribbon Supply. We are not affiliated with any of these sellers in any way; it's just what we've used.

https://www.ribbonsunlimited.com/Default.asp
Baco Supply sells bulk reels of ribbon and is contactable via email or phone number. '''WILL UPDATE with info'''

==Ribbon Widths for Different Machines==
Odds are, if your typewriter is NOT listed here, it takes standard half-inch ribbon.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Typewriter Model !! Width (in) !! Length (yds)
|-
| Allen || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Armstrong || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Barlock No. 3 to No. 11 || 7/16 || 12
|-
| Barlock No. 12 || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Caligraph (New Century) || 1 3/8 || 8
|-
| Century No. 10 || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Continental (Two Color) || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Corona (Old Model) || 1/2 || 7
|-
| Corona Four || 1/2 || 6
|-
| Corona Auto Reverse || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Demountable || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Densmore No. 1-No. 2-No. 3 || 1 1/2 || 8
|-
| Densmore No. 4 and up || 1 3/8 || 8
|-
| Elliott Fisher (Old Model) || 1 || 8
|-
| Elliott Fisher Model T || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Emerson || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Fay-Sho || 1 3/8 || 8
|-
| Harris || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Fox (Old Model) || 1 3/8 || 8
|-
| Fox Visible (New Model) || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Franklin (Old Model) || 5/16 || 12
|-
| Franklin No. 7 || 7/16 || 12
|-
| Franklin No. 9 || 3/8 || 12
|-
| Hammond (Old Model) || 5/16 || 12
|-
| Hammond Multiplex || 7/16 || 12
|-
| Hartford || 1 3/8 || 8
|-
| Jewett No. 2 and up || 1 3/8 || 8
|-
| Mercedes || 5/8 || 8
|-
| Manhattan || 1 3/8 || 8
|-
| Monarch || 1/2 || 12
|-
| National No. 1 || 1/2 || 12
|-
| National No. 2 || 3/4 || 12
|-
| Noiseless Portable || 7/16 || 12
|-
| Noiseless (Old Model) || 7/16 || 12
|-
| Noiseless (New Model) || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Oliver No. 5 || 7/16 || 12
|-
| Oliver No. 7 || 7/16 || 12
|-
| Oliver No. 9 || 9/16 || 12
|-
| Oliver No. 11 || 9/16 || 12
|-
| Postal || 5/16 || 12
|-
| Pittsburgh Vis. No. 10 || 7/16 || 12
|-
| Pittsburgh Vis. No. 11 || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Pittsburgh Vis. No. 5 || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Royal No. 1 || 7/16 || 12
|-
| Royal No. 5 || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Royal No. 10 || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Remington (Blind Writers) || 1 3/8 || 8
|-
| Remington Visible || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Remington Portable || 1/2 || 7
|-
| Rex || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Secor || 9/16 || 12
|-
| L C Smith || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Smith Premier (Blind Writer) || 1 1/2 || 8
|-
| Smith Premier Tri-chrome || 1 3/8 || 8
|-
| Smith Premier Visible || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Smith Premier No. 60 || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Sun || 9/16 || 12
|-
| Standard Folding || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Stearns || 9/16 || 12
|-
| Stenotype || 7/16 || 12
|-
| Sholes Old || 9/16 || 12
|-
| Sholes New || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Underwood (Old Model) || 7/16 || 12
|-
| Underwood (New Model) || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Underwood Portable || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Victor || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Wellington || 7/8 || 9
|-
| Woodstock No. 4 || 9/16 || 12
|-
| Woodstock No. 5 || 9/16 || 12
|-
| Woodstock No. 5HN || 1/2 || 12
|-
| Woodstock Electric (one color only) || 1/2 || 12
|}

==Other Methods of Inking==
As so many typewriters use standard half-inch ribbon, it is easier to list the exceptions rather than the rules. Unfortunately, this list is not exhaustive.

Repair

2024-06-21T19:27:44Z

Cerafuki: /* Table 3: Platen and Rubber */

This page aims to help you diagnose and repair your typewriter via a flowsheet method. This guide will apply to most manual type-bar typewriters; however, more obscure or older makes are best taken to Discord to ask in person. Furthermore, electrics, electronics, indexes, and Selectrics are not covered here.

Repair manuals can be found on machine-specific pages, or [https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/tw-manuals.html on Richard Polt's website]. If you want more interactive help, don't be afraid to ask for help in the typewriter discord server's #help channel. An invite is linked [https://discord.gg/KvpygutZ here].

We always recommend checking out cleaning first before moving to repair. Many issues are solvable without resorting to mechanical repairs.

Do not attempt repair if you are not confident in your ability to work on mechanical objects, or are experiencing heightened emotions (especially anger or frustration). General mechanical intuition goes a long way, as well as careful observation. Take photos as you work and keep parts organized. '''The Typewriter Wiki and its writers cannot be held responsible for any damage to your machine as a result of following these instructions.'''

=Table 1: Diagnosis=
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Issue !! Description !! Next Step:
|-
| Carriage not moving when key is pressed. || You press down a key, and the top carriage that holds the paper does not space to the next letter. || Proceed to [[#Table 2: Carriage Issues]]
|-
| Carriage moves freely back and forth. || Your carriage moves freely back and forth. It may not move correctly when a key is pressed. || Proceed to [[#Table 2: Carriage Issues]]
|-
| Carriage is totally stuck. || Your carriage will not move at all. || Proceed to [[#Table 2: Carriage Issues]]
|-
| Carriage stays to the left. || Your carriage stays to the left side of the typewriter, and when you push it right, it returns to the left. || Proceed to [[#Table 2: Carriage Issues]]
|-
| Paper won't feed in the typewriter. || Paper won't feed into the paper smoothly--or at all. || Proceed to [[#Table 3: Platen and Rubber]]
|-
| Sticky keys won't press down. || Keys are sticky or even totally stuck. || Proceed to [[#Table 4: Key Issues]]
|-
| Keys press down partway, but don't hit paper. || Keys either lock up before they hit the paper, or do not print even though they are extremely close to paper. || Proceed to [[#Table 4: Key Issues]]
|-
| Typewriter Print is Unaligned || Typewriter will not print in a straight line. || Proceed to [[#Table 4: Key Issues]]
|-
| Typewriter Shift is Unaligned || Typewriter may print in a straight line, but will not print capitals and lowercase letters on the same line. || Proceed to [[#Table 4: Key Issues]]
|-
| Ribbon not Working Properly. || Your ribbon isn't raising, or reversing, or moving. Alternatively, you get half-red half-black. || Proceed to [[#Table 4: Ribbon Issues]]
|-
| Typewriter Skips Spaces || Typewriter skips every nth space on the writing line. || Proceed to [[#Table 5: Escapement]]
|-
| Typewriter Skips Spaces Randomly || Typewriter skips randomly along the writing line. It may be more prevalent at one end of the carriage, but is not specific|| Proceed to [[#Table 5: Escapement]]
|-
| Typewriter is heavily damaged || Typewriter is covered coated in dirt, rust, or other fun things. May or may not be missing parts or have a multitude of broken parts. || Proceed to [[#Table 6: Full Restoration]]
|}

==Repair Tables==
Congratulations on having diagnosed your typewriter! Here you can find tables that link to more detailed info on the issue, as well as fixes and videos. Keep in mind that many of these methods will be different depending on the make and model of the typewriter.

=== Table 2: Carriage Issues ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Header text !! Header text !! Header text
|-
| Carriage flies left. || Carriage won't catch, and proceeds to go all the way to the left of the machine. || Example
|-
| || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Carriage Stuck (Olympia SM2/3/4/5) || Carriage gets stuck at certain points of movement. || Olympia SM-series machines have a series of rubber body spacers that compress over time. These will cause the carriage to catch on the rear of the shell if too short.
|-
| Carriage Stuck (All other brands) || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|}

===Table 3: Platen and Rubber===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Issue !! Description !! Fix and Reasoning
|-
| Paper won't feed. || Paper refuses to advance when the platen knobs are spun. || Check the paper release lever of your machine. If it is not activated, look at feed rollers to check if they are flat or stuck.
|-
| Feed rollers are flat. || Feed rollers, either on the front or back of the typewriter, have a flat spot. || Remove feed rollers, and [[Platen|recover]] them.
|-
| Feed rollers are stuck. || Feed rollers, either on the front or back of the typewriter, are stuck to the platen. || Generally, engaging the paper release lever and disengaging it will unstick feed rollers. If problem persists, carefully knock the rollers clean from the platen using a screwdriver. Feed rollers and platen may need [[Platen|recovery]].
|-
| Paper punches through. || When typing, particularly symbols such as O or period, holes appear in the page. || Recover the platen or use backing sheets.
|-
| Platen knobs will not rotate at all. || Platen is stuck in place, and rotating the knobs does not do anything. || Platen may have bonded with feed rollers or rusted in place. Check for rust, put penetrating oil on any joints, and wait. Consider using gentle force.
|}

===Table 4: Key Issues===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Issue !! Description !! Fix and Reasoning
|-
| Keys are sticking. || Keys will not go up and down easily, but have some freedom of movement. || [[Flush the typewriter]].
|-
| Keys are stuck. || Keys will not move at all. || Example
|-
| Keys lock up. || All keys stop moving in the same spot, before they hit the carriage. || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|}

===Table 5: Escapement===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Header text !! Header text !! Header text
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|}

===Table 6: Full Restoration===
If you would like to attempt a full restoration, we highly recommend taking your machine to the Discord --or, budget and time willing, a local typewriter shop of repute! More detailed information and machine-specific help is generally helpful for a full restoration involving disassembly.

Here is a basic guide to common issues you may encounter.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Issue !! Description !! Solutions
|-
| Missing Parts || Parts are missing from the typewriter. || Example
|-
| Rust || Parts of the typewriter, particularly unpainted metal parts, have rust. || If the part is easily removed from the typewriter, removal and placing it in a solution of Evapo-Rust solution is generally recommended. Alternate rust removal agents include Rust-Oleum formulas and apple vinegar. Depending on the part, it may be unfeasible to remove from the typewriter. In this case, Loctite Naval Jelly is often used. Be careful while using rust removal solvents and note that many will react with paint.
|-
| Cobwebs, Dust, etc. || The typewriter is generally dirty. || Example
|-
| Mold and Mildew || Soundproofing or fabric parts have developed mold or mildew growths. || Mold and mildew is only often found on soundproofing or fabric parts, as typewriter paint and metal does not provide a suitable growing environment for them. Oftentimes, these parts can be replaced. Otherwise, spraying with isopropyl alcohol and leaving to sun-dry is recommended. These parts can often develop a strong smell that will go away with sun exposure.
|-
| Decals || Example || Example
|-
| Paint Issues || Example || Example
|}

Repair

2024-06-21T19:15:29Z

Cerafuki: /* Table 2: Carriage Issues */

This page aims to help you diagnose and repair your typewriter via a flowsheet method. This guide will apply to most manual type-bar typewriters; however, more obscure or older makes are best taken to Discord to ask in person. Furthermore, electrics, electronics, indexes, and Selectrics are not covered here.

Repair manuals can be found on machine-specific pages, or [https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/tw-manuals.html on Richard Polt's website]. If you want more interactive help, don't be afraid to ask for help in the typewriter discord server's #help channel. An invite is linked [https://discord.gg/KvpygutZ here].

We always recommend checking out cleaning first before moving to repair. Many issues are solvable without resorting to mechanical repairs.

Do not attempt repair if you are not confident in your ability to work on mechanical objects, or are experiencing heightened emotions (especially anger or frustration). General mechanical intuition goes a long way, as well as careful observation. Take photos as you work and keep parts organized. '''The Typewriter Wiki and its writers cannot be held responsible for any damage to your machine as a result of following these instructions.'''

=Table 1: Diagnosis=
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Issue !! Description !! Next Step:
|-
| Carriage not moving when key is pressed. || You press down a key, and the top carriage that holds the paper does not space to the next letter. || Proceed to [[#Table 2: Carriage Issues]]
|-
| Carriage moves freely back and forth. || Your carriage moves freely back and forth. It may not move correctly when a key is pressed. || Proceed to [[#Table 2: Carriage Issues]]
|-
| Carriage is totally stuck. || Your carriage will not move at all. || Proceed to [[#Table 2: Carriage Issues]]
|-
| Carriage stays to the left. || Your carriage stays to the left side of the typewriter, and when you push it right, it returns to the left. || Proceed to [[#Table 2: Carriage Issues]]
|-
| Paper won't feed in the typewriter. || Paper won't feed into the paper smoothly--or at all. || Proceed to [[#Table 3: Platen and Rubber]]
|-
| Sticky keys won't press down. || Keys are sticky or even totally stuck. || Proceed to [[#Table 4: Key Issues]]
|-
| Keys press down partway, but don't hit paper. || Keys either lock up before they hit the paper, or do not print even though they are extremely close to paper. || Proceed to [[#Table 4: Key Issues]]
|-
| Typewriter Print is Unaligned || Typewriter will not print in a straight line. || Proceed to [[#Table 4: Key Issues]]
|-
| Typewriter Shift is Unaligned || Typewriter may print in a straight line, but will not print capitals and lowercase letters on the same line. || Proceed to [[#Table 4: Key Issues]]
|-
| Ribbon not Working Properly. || Your ribbon isn't raising, or reversing, or moving. Alternatively, you get half-red half-black. || Proceed to [[#Table 4: Ribbon Issues]]
|-
| Typewriter Skips Spaces || Typewriter skips every nth space on the writing line. || Proceed to [[#Table 5: Escapement]]
|-
| Typewriter Skips Spaces Randomly || Typewriter skips randomly along the writing line. It may be more prevalent at one end of the carriage, but is not specific|| Proceed to [[#Table 5: Escapement]]
|-
| Typewriter is heavily damaged || Typewriter is covered coated in dirt, rust, or other fun things. May or may not be missing parts or have a multitude of broken parts. || Proceed to [[#Table 6: Full Restoration]]
|}

==Repair Tables==
Congratulations on having diagnosed your typewriter! Here you can find tables that link to more detailed info on the issue, as well as fixes and videos. Keep in mind that many of these methods will be different depending on the make and model of the typewriter.

=== Table 2: Carriage Issues ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Header text !! Header text !! Header text
|-
| Carriage flies left. || Carriage won't catch, and proceeds to go all the way to the left of the machine. || Example
|-
| || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Carriage Stuck (Olympia SM2/3/4/5) || Carriage gets stuck at certain points of movement. || Olympia SM-series machines have a series of rubber body spacers that compress over time. These will cause the carriage to catch on the rear of the shell if too short.
|-
| Carriage Stuck (All other brands) || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|}

===Table 3: Platen and Rubber===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Issue !! Description !! Fix and Reasoning
|-
| Paper won't feed. || Paper refuses to advance when the platen knobs are spun. || Check the paper release lever of your machine. If it is not activated, look at feed rollers to check if they are flat or stuck.
|-
| Feed rollers are flat. || Feed rollers, either on the front or back of the typewriter, have a flat spot. || Remove feed rollers, and [[Platen|recover]] them.
|-
| Feed rollers are stuck. || Feed rollers, either on the front or back of the typewriter, are stuck to the platen. || Generally, engaging the paper release lever and disengaging it will unstick feed rollers. If problem persists, carefully knock the rollers clean from the platen using a screwdriver. Feed rollers and platen may need [[Platen|recovery]].
|-
| Paper punches through. || When typing, particularly symbols such as O or period, holes appear in the page. || Recover the platen or use backing sheets.
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|}

===Table 4: Key Issues===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Issue !! Description !! Fix and Reasoning
|-
| Keys are sticking. || Keys will not go up and down easily, but have some freedom of movement. || [[Flush the typewriter]].
|-
| Keys are stuck. || Keys will not move at all. || Example
|-
| Keys lock up. || All keys stop moving in the same spot, before they hit the carriage. || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|}

===Table 5: Escapement===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Header text !! Header text !! Header text
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|}

===Table 6: Full Restoration===
If you would like to attempt a full restoration, we highly recommend taking your machine to the Discord --or, budget and time willing, a local typewriter shop of repute! More detailed information and machine-specific help is generally helpful for a full restoration involving disassembly.

Here is a basic guide to common issues you may encounter.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Issue !! Description !! Solutions
|-
| Missing Parts || Parts are missing from the typewriter. || Example
|-
| Rust || Parts of the typewriter, particularly unpainted metal parts, have rust. || If the part is easily removed from the typewriter, removal and placing it in a solution of Evapo-Rust solution is generally recommended. Alternate rust removal agents include Rust-Oleum formulas and apple vinegar. Depending on the part, it may be unfeasible to remove from the typewriter. In this case, Loctite Naval Jelly is often used. Be careful while using rust removal solvents and note that many will react with paint.
|-
| Cobwebs, Dust, etc. || The typewriter is generally dirty. || Example
|-
| Mold and Mildew || Soundproofing or fabric parts have developed mold or mildew growths. || Mold and mildew is only often found on soundproofing or fabric parts, as typewriter paint and metal does not provide a suitable growing environment for them. Oftentimes, these parts can be replaced. Otherwise, spraying with isopropyl alcohol and leaving to sun-dry is recommended. These parts can often develop a strong smell that will go away with sun exposure.
|-
| Decals || Example || Example
|-
| Paint Issues || Example || Example
|}

Underwood

2024-06-21T19:12:31Z

Cerafuki:

[[Category:Typewriter Brands]]

Underwood was one of the most prolific typewriter manufacturers in history. The first Underwood Standard Typewriter was produced in 1895. Designed by Franz X. Wagner, this standard frontstroke machine was generally considered the first modern typewriter and catapulted the company to success, with 5 million built between 1900 and 1930. The company was eventually bought by [[Olivetti]] in 1963, with the name remaining in use with Olivetti portables until around the mid-1970s.

Underwood had factories in New York.

__TOC__

==History==

The Underwood Typewriter Corporation was founded in 1895, when ink magnate John Thomas Underwood purchased the rights to manufacture a four-bank frontstriking typewriter, jointly designed by Franz X. Wagner and Franz's son Herman.

=== Standards ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Date Range !! Description and Rarity !! -
|-
| [[Underwood 1]] , [[Underwood 2]] || 1895-1900 || The first Underwood standards had metal paper scales and a more primitive bail roller system, and their frontstroke design made them the first "modern" typewriter. These machines are quite rare, and often command high prices; however, given that they look very similar to later Underwood standards, they may often be overlooked. ||
|-
| [[Underwoods nos. 3, 4, 5]] || 1895-1933 || The Underwoods 3, 4, and 5 were variations on a highly successful theme. Differences from the 1 and 2 included a redesigned shift system and more keys, and a different ribbon color selection system. Their abundance makes them less valuable; however, they tend to type well and are excellent beginners' machines due to their attractive design and ease of repair. The 3 is wide-carriage; the 4 types 78 characters and the 5 types 84. ||
|-
| [[Underwood 6]] || Far too long || [[Just no.]] || A modernization of the traditional Underwood 5, with a new ribbon-bichrome mechanism seen on late U5s as well as a redesigned tab system. Some feature decimal tabs. Disclaimer: one of our editors hates it; it's not that bad.
|-
| [[Underwood Master]] || 1937- 1940 || The Underwood Master was the successor to the 6. A distinctive trait was the "door" implemented on the front of the machine to access the typebars for cleaning. A comparatively uncommon Underwood, but still a very common machine. Tends to type well. ||
|-
| [[Underwood S]], SS, SX, FIVE || 1941 - 1968 || These grey and boring standards are hard to tell apart, generally worth little, and generally write well. Many were used in the US government and its branches. The S is the earliest and is carriage-shifted; the SS is basket-shifted, and the SX is a '50s redesign that often features plastic keys. The Underwood Five [stylized "underwood FIVE"] is a plastic-shelled version of the SS or SX. ||
|-
| [[Underwood Fanfold Machines]] || 1931 - 1942 || Has a long extension behind the typewriter to create fanfold duplicated documents. Very rare. ||
|-
| [[Underwood Noiseless 6]] || 1929 - 193X || Built by Remington for Underwood, this machine is an exact clone of the Remington Noiseless Standard no. 6. Not particularly rare. ||
|-
| [[Underwood Noiseless 10]] || 193X - 194X || Built by Remington for Underwood, this machine is an exact clone of the Remington Noiseless Standard no. 10. Not particularly rare. || Example
|-
| [[Underwood Raphael]] || 196X || Underwood's attempt at a proportional-spacing standard, the Raphael is a rare machine. However, it is also an electric standard and thus generally undesirable. || Example
|-
| [[Underwood Forum]] || 196X || IDK Man. || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example

|}

=== Portables ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Date Range !! Description and Rarity !! Image and notes
|-
| Underwood Standard Portable Keyboard - 3-Bank || 1919-1929 || Underwood's first portable machine, the Underwood 3-bank is a small typewriter featuring 3 rows of keys- hence its name. Sometime around 1922, the machine underwent a redesign making its segment slightly narrower. They are generally popular machines for their portability and decent typing ability. ||
<gallery>
uw3b.png|A later 3-Bank, featuring a narrower segment.
</gallery>
|-
| Underwood Standard Portable Keyboard - 4-Bank (B) || 1925-1932 || Underwood's answer to the Remington Portable and Royal Portable machines -- which had 4 rows of keys -- was the Underwood 4-Bank portable. The fundamental design of this machine would last until the 1950s. The B model was the earliest iteration, and came in 3 variations. Early examples, from the first and second years of production, are particularly coveted for being featured in popular anime [[Violet Evergarden]]. || Example
|-
| Underwood Standard Portable Keyboard - 4-Bank (C, D, E) || 1926-1935 || The Underwood 4-Bank underwent a series of minor redesigns in this period. The models C through E are all very similar, featuring slanted fronts and || Example
|-
| Underwood Universal || 1935-1948 || The Underwood Universal was Underwood's primary consumer-grade typewriter from 1935 to 1948, and underwent two redesigns during this period. Early examples are glossy black and appear similar to the Portable 4-Bank but have "Champion" keytops. Later 1930s examples are glossy black with a lid-style ribbon cover, whereas 1940s and postwar examples are crinkle grey. || Example
|-
| Underwood Champion || 1935-1948 || Similar to the Universal, but with a tabulator. || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

=== Ultraportables ===

=== Notes ===

Change-A-Type

2024-06-21T19:05:33Z

Cerafuki: Created page with "'''Change-A-Type''', sometimes referred to as '''Changeable Type''', is a system of interchangeable typeslugs introduced by Smith-Corona on their typewriters in the early..."

'''Change-A-Type''', sometimes referred to as '''Changeable Type''', is a system of interchangeable typeslugs introduced by [[Smith-Corona]] on their typewriters in the early 1960s.

Smith-Corona Classic 12

2024-06-21T19:03:35Z

Cerafuki: /* History & Basic Info */

[[Category:Typewriter]]

[[Image:smith-corona_classic-12.jpg |thumb|A Smith-Corona Classic 12 still in its case]]

__TOC__

=History & Basic Info=
The Smith-Corona Classic 12 was a premium "6-series" model - Smith-Corona's latest successor to the Silent-Super/5-series run of typewriters. Originating in the late 1960s, the Classic 12s are reliable and common machines that are good starters for any collector. Colorful, feature-packed, and resilient (to the point where Smith Corona advertised a grown man could stand on one), they're a nearly foolproof way to start typewriting.

Whereas the earliest Galaxie models featured only the most modest of features, later 6-seriers models featured even more details that would make a user's typing experience better than ever before. The Classic 12 was one of the lineups to continue off this trend. Along with the normal parts and pieces of a Galaxie, early Classic 12's introduced the Half-Space key (pushed off to the left side in the photo and allowed for minute, detailed corrections) and Smith Corona's [[Change-A-Type]] system (the two red "1" and "+" keys were replaceable, along with their slugs), as well as the more standardized 12" platen (able to hold an A4 sheet of paper as landscape).

Later models would move the half-space to the left side of the space bar, and introduce an "auto-space" to the right side, creating a rather iconic "triple space bar" setup that would be used on later electric models. The tabulator would also be simplified - with the "Set," "Tab," and "Clear" being given their own "triple tab bar" above the keys.

Due to its nature as a premium model, and being one of the most feature heavy typewriters of the 6-series, many Classic 12s would also be given insulation inside of the metal bodies to help dampen the sound, and some also have a rubberized grip on the end of the return lever.

=Common Problems & Repair=
These are generally solid machines, so they can often be found complete and in working order. However, the excessive use in plastic that was used in the manufacturing process of this machine can provide you with a few broken parts. Most commonly, the carriage release levers. It's worth noting that the files for 3D printed parts can be found around the web, if you ever need replacements.

All Galaxie-styled typewriters (minor exception on some re-brands) will have a removable bottom-plate, which can be easily unscrewed and removed to allow access into the bottom mechanics of the typewriter. Along with this, the 6-series also feature the "Quick Release Platen" - which allows for easy access to both the platen and the feed rolls underneath for cleaning (This is accomplished by flipping up the right plastic plate of the carriage, and pulling the platen up while depressing the "platen release" metal lever). In the event of a ribbon jam, there is a manual ribbon reverse lever on the left side of the leftmost spool that can be triggered, accessed via the top sliding ribbon cover.

=== Removing Shell ===

Removing the shell should be similar to this: [https://youtu.be/Ez-QA6iPmfE Smith Corona Galaxie Deluxe 6 series Manual Typewriter Case Cover Shell Removal procedure.

This video may give insight into removing those plastic pieces attached to the carriage [https://youtu.be/lT-t6zHPi0k Smith Corona Manual Typewriter Carriage Release Arm Repair Fix Broken Plastic Handle]

SCM Quick-release platen demonstration: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7kdBT5QX-0 10 Seconds, Platen Removed and Reinstalled, Smith Corona Typewriter Rollers Paper Pan]

=Manuals=
*[https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/SCMClassic12.pdf User's Manual]

Segment

2024-05-16T22:13:00Z

Cerafuki:

The '''segment''' of a typewriter is an arched piece of metal, usually near the middle of the machine, where all [[typebars]] pass through.

__TOC__

==History==
The segment first came about in 1895, on the [[Underwood|Underwood 1]] standard typewriter.

Cerafuki: /* What Ribbon Should I Buy, and where? */

Typebar

2023-09-12T16:24:16Z

Cerafuki: Redirected page to Typebars

#REDIRECT [[Typebars]]

Typebars

2023-09-07T15:05:36Z

Cerafuki:

'''Typebars''' are metal arms with [[typeslugs]] on their ends, responsible for striking the ribbon and paper when typing to print. On most typewriters, each typebar corresponds to one key on a typewriter. All of the typebars collectively are called a [[type basket]]. On most machines, the typebars have a pivot point in the [[segment]]. They stay in a resting position, laying on a piece of felt or similar typebar rest, until the corresponding key has been pressed.

Although this mechanism is most commonly used, not all typewriters use typebars.
__TOC__

==Commonly occurring problems==
A sticky segment is a common problem when fixing a machine that has not been used for a while. Flushing it with mineral spirits or isopropyl alcohol and using a toothbrush to get in the slots is recommended. Afterwards, it is best to use compressed air to get all solvent and gunk out. Note that when working with mineral spirits or other paint thinners, they should be kept away from all painted surfaces, as they will eat through the paintjob and damage it.

Another common problem are bent typebars. It is important to be careful when fixing those, because there is a risk of the bar breaking off. It's advised to carefully bend the typebar back into its proper position using fingers or pliers. There also are typewriter-specific tools for the job, but those are hard to come by.

It's also a common occurrence for a typewriter to not be "soundproofed". This means that the typebar rest is not covered by anything, so when a typebar falls back onto it, there is a sound of metal hitting metal. This makes typing much louder. Most typewriters were soundproofed when manufactured, with a piece of leather or felt, attached to the typebar rest, but those have often fallen off at some point. To make typing quieter, it is recommended to resoundproof the machine. A strip of felt/leather can easily be glued to it. It is important that that strip is not too thick - if it raises the resting level of the typebars too much, it will cause them to jam together.

Typebars

2023-09-07T14:50:13Z

Cerafuki: Created page with "'''Typebars''' are metal arm with typeslugs on their ends, responsible for striking the ribbon and paper when typing to print. On most typewriters, each typebar correspond..."

'''Typebars''' are metal arm with [[typeslugs]] on their ends, responsible for striking the ribbon and paper when typing to print. On most typewriters, each typebar corresponds to one key on a typewriter. All of the typebars collectively are called a [[type basket]]. On most machines, the typebars have a pivot point in the "segment". They stay in a resting position, laying on a piece of felt or similar typebar rest, until the corresponding key has been pressed.

Although this mechanism is most commonly used, not all typewriters use typebars.
__TOC__

==Commonly occurring problems==
A sticky segment is a common problem when fixing a machine that has not been used for a while. Flushing it with mineral spirits or isopropyl alcohol and using a toothbrush to get in the slots is recommended. Afterwards, it is best to use compressed air to get all solvent and gunk out. Note that when working with mineral spirits or other paint thinners, they should be kept away from all painted surfaces, as they will eat through the paintjob and damage it.

Another common problem are bent typebars. It is important to be careful when fixing those, because there is a risk of the bar breaking off. It's advised to carefully bend the typebar back into its proper position using fingers or pliers. There also are typewriter-specific tools for the job, but those are hard to come by.

It's also a common occurrence for a typewriter to not be "soundproofed". This means that the typebar rest is not covered by anything, so when a typebar falls back onto it, there is a sound of metal hitting metal. This makes typing much louder. Most typewriters were soundproofed when manufactured, with a piece of leather or felt, attached to the typebar rest, but those have often fallen off at some point. To make typing quieter, it is recommended to resoundproof the machine. A strip of felt/leather can easily be glued to it. It is important that that strip is not too thick - if it raises the resting level of the typebars too much, it will cause them to jam together.

Main Page

2023-09-07T14:48:25Z

Cerafuki:

{| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:5px solid #ddd;"
| style="width:100%; color:#000;" |

{| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;"
| style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
<div style="font-size:202%; text-align:center; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to the Typewriter Wiki!</div>
<div style="font-size:161%; text-align:left; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">...Now featuring [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFPAGES}}]] pages!</div>
|}
{| style="width:280px; align:right; border:none; background:none;"
<div style="font-size:125%; text-align:right;">Click parts of the typewriter below or scroll down to get started!</div>
|}


{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#ffffff;"
| style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-right-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#feffdd; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-right; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Site Contents</h2>
|-
| style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px;" | <div id="leftcreate">

<imagemap>
File:ErikagoldCROPPED.png|right|525px|alt=Erika|Click on the typewriter to discover the various parts of the machine and how they work!
rect 67 248 326 727 [[Return Lever]]
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rect 365 400 2308 615 [[Platen]]
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rect 608 2059 1795 2179 [[Spacing and Escapement]]
desc none
</imagemap>

__TOC__
The Typewriter Wiki is a project run by small group of typewriter enthusiasts. Please note that this is NOT to replace the [https://typewriterdatabase.com/ Typewriter Database] or other resources. Rather, this site aims to collect information and make it easily accessible for new and experienced typewriter users. This site is created and maintained by the [https://discord.gg/ws5Gzaf Typewriter Discord server]. The Typewriter Wiki is still quite new, so please excuse our dust as we complete pages and add more content.
</div>
|}


{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#ffecdf;"
| style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-right-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#ffcece; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Getting Started</h2>
|-
| style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px;" | <div id="rightcreate">
[[File:IdealA4Standard.png |frameless|right|250px|link=Ideal]]
===Buying A Typewriter===
* How do I choose a typewriter? Which ones are good or valuable? [[Recommended Machines]]
* I want a typewriter. What should I get? [[How To Buy a Typewriter]]
* How can I ensure my typewriter gets here safely? [[Shipping Damage]]

===My First Typewriter===
* Have a question? [[Common Questions]]
* Don't know what that thingy is called? [[Typewriter Anatomy]].
* I just got a typewriter. Where should I start? [[How to Use Your New (Or Old!) Typewriter]]
* Oh no! My machine came in the mail, but it's wrecked! [[Shipping Damage]]
* How do I make =, +, $, £, etc. my typewriter doesn't have? [[Special Characters]]
* Identify your Typewriter in [[Typewriter Classifications]]
* Remember to regularly perform [[Maintenance]]!
</div>
|}

{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#EDEDED;"
| style="padding:4px;" | <h2 id="mp-left-h2" style="margin:5px; background:#DAFFF7; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Repair and Maintainence</h2>
|-
| style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px;" | <div id="rightcreate">
[[File:noiseless6.jpg |frameless|right|250px]]

===[[Repair]] and Maintenance===
* I just got a typewriter, and it's dirtier than my basement! [[Typewriter Cleaning and Cleanliness]]
* A Repairman's Toolkit [[Common tools, solvents, chemicals, and their Uses]]
* Specialty Typewriter Tools [[Specialized Typewriter Tools]]
* Help! Something's Wrong! [[Repair]]
|-
</div>
|}


{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f9f2fc;"
| style="padding:4px;" | <h2 id="mp-left-h2" style="margin:5px; background:#c6e9f7; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Typewriter List</h2>
|-
| style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px;" | <div id="rightcreate">
[[File:4B333.png |frameless|right|250px]]
An alphabetical list of brands and models can be found in the article [[:Category:Typewriter]]. Each entry in this list is a link to a page containing historical and technical information about that specific typewriter model.

This is by no means a comprehensive list, and is being updated periodically.

=== Highlights: [[:Category:Typewriter|Machines We Love]] ===
*[[Blickensderfer No. 6]]
*[[Underwood 4-Bank Standard Portable]]
*[[Hammond]]
*[[Hermes 3000]]
*[[IBM Selectric]]
*[[Royal Quiet De Luxe]]

==Brand Page==
Use this page to search for machines based off branding, instead of just the massive list of typewriters thrown at your face.<br />
[[:Category:Typewriter Brands]]

==Gallery==
Images of typewriters from the wiki: <br />
[[Gallery]]

|-
</div>
|}

IMPORTANT [[Typewriter Wiki:General disclaimer]] IMPORTANT

Typebar

2023-09-07T14:48:10Z

Cerafuki: Blanked the page

Main Page

2023-09-07T14:44:56Z

Cerafuki:

{| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:5px solid #ddd;"
| style="width:100%; color:#000;" |

{| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;"
| style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
<div style="font-size:202%; text-align:center; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to the Typewriter Wiki!</div>
<div style="font-size:161%; text-align:left; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">...Now featuring [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFPAGES}}]] pages!</div>
|}
{| style="width:280px; align:right; border:none; background:none;"
<div style="font-size:125%; text-align:right;">Click parts of the typewriter below or scroll down to get started!</div>
|}


{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#ffffff;"
| style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-right-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#feffdd; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-right; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Site Contents</h2>
|-
| style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px;" | <div id="leftcreate">

<imagemap>
File:ErikagoldCROPPED.png|right|525px|alt=Erika|Click on the typewriter to discover the various parts of the machine and how they work!
rect 67 248 326 727 [[Return Lever]]
rect 992 152 1424 317 [[Category: Typewriter Brands]]
rect 365 400 2308 615 [[Platen]]
rect 380 105 940 350 [[Carriage]]
rect 1433 105 1974 350 [[Carriage]]
circle 528 751 223 [[Ink and Ribbon]]
circle 1875 745 223 [[Ink and Ribbon]]
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circle 2070 1662 100 [[Backspace]]
circle 2042 1968 200 [[Shift]]
rect 264 1719 430 2009 [[Shift]]
rect 608 2059 1795 2179 [[Spacing and Escapement]]
desc none
</imagemap>

__TOC__
The Typewriter Wiki is a project run by small group of typewriter enthusiasts. Please note that this is NOT to replace the [https://typewriterdatabase.com/ Typewriter Database] or other resources. Rather, this site aims to collect information and make it easily accessible for new and experienced typewriter users. This site is created and maintained by the [https://discord.gg/ws5Gzaf Typewriter Discord server]. The Typewriter Wiki is still quite new, so please excuse our dust as we complete pages and add more content.
</div>
|}


{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#ffecdf;"
| style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-right-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#ffcece; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Getting Started</h2>
|-
| style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px;" | <div id="rightcreate">
[[File:IdealA4Standard.png |frameless|right|250px|link=Ideal]]
===Buying A Typewriter===
* How do I choose a typewriter? Which ones are good or valuable? [[Recommended Machines]]
* I want a typewriter. What should I get? [[How To Buy a Typewriter]]
* How can I ensure my typewriter gets here safely? [[Shipping Damage]]

===My First Typewriter===
* Have a question? [[Common Questions]]
* Don't know what that thingy is called? [[Typewriter Anatomy]].
* I just got a typewriter. Where should I start? [[How to Use Your New (Or Old!) Typewriter]]
* Oh no! My machine came in the mail, but it's wrecked! [[Shipping Damage]]
* How do I make =, +, $, £, etc. my typewriter doesn't have? [[Special Characters]]
* Identify your Typewriter in [[Typewriter Classifications]]
* Remember to regularly perform [[Maintenance]]!
</div>
|}

{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#EDEDED;"
| style="padding:4px;" | <h2 id="mp-left-h2" style="margin:5px; background:#DAFFF7; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Repair and Maintainence</h2>
|-
| style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px;" | <div id="rightcreate">
[[File:noiseless6.jpg |frameless|right|250px]]

===[[Repair]] and Maintenance===
* I just got a typewriter, and it's dirtier than my basement! [[Typewriter Cleaning and Cleanliness]]
* A Repairman's Toolkit [[Common tools, solvents, chemicals, and their Uses]]
* Specialty Typewriter Tools [[Specialized Typewriter Tools]]
* Help! Something's Wrong! [[Repair]]
|-
</div>
|}


{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f9f2fc;"
| style="padding:4px;" | <h2 id="mp-left-h2" style="margin:5px; background:#c6e9f7; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Typewriter List</h2>
|-
| style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px;" | <div id="rightcreate">
[[File:4B333.png |frameless|right|250px]]
An alphabetical list of brands and models can be found in the article [[:Category:Typewriter]]. Each entry in this list is a link to a page containing historical and technical information about that specific typewriter model.

This is by no means a comprehensive list, and is being updated periodically.

=== Highlights: [[:Category:Typewriter|Machines We Love]] ===
*[[Blickensderfer No. 6]]
*[[Underwood 4-Bank Standard Portable]]
*[[Hammond]]
*[[Hermes 3000]]
*[[IBM Selectric]]
*[[Royal Quiet De Luxe]]

==Brand Page==
Use this page to search for machines based off branding, instead of just the massive list of typewriters thrown at your face.<br />
[[:Category:Typewriter Brands]]

==Gallery==
Images of typewriters from the wiki: <br />
[[Gallery]]

|-
</div>
|}

IMPORTANT [[Typewriter Wiki:General disclaimer]] IMPORTANT